Also known as clinical depression, MDD involves periods of significantly low mood or loss of interest that last at least two weeks and interfere with daily life.

Common symptoms may include:

• Persistent sadness or hopelessness

• Loss of interest in things you used to enjoy

• Changes in sleep or appetite

• Low energy or fatigue

• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

• Feelings of worthlessness or guilt

• Thoughts of death or suicide

MDD can occur as a single episode or recur across a person’s lifetime.

PDD represents a long-term form of depression, with symptoms present for two years or more in adults (or one year or more in children/adolescents).

People may experience:

• Depressed mood more days than not

• Poor appetite or overeating

• Insomnia or oversleeping

• Low energy or fatigue

• Low self-esteem

• Poor concentration or indecisiveness

• Feelings of hopelessness

Because it’s more chronic, PDD often feels like a “background” sadness — but it is treatable with the right support.

This type of depression can develop after childbirth — affecting emotional regulation, bonding, and daily functioning. It goes beyond the common “baby blues.”

Symptoms may include:

• Mood swings, tearfulness, or withdrawal

• Trouble sleeping (unrelated to infant care)

• Difficulty bonding with your baby

• Guilt, shame, or feelings of being a “bad parent”

• Intrusive or anxious thoughts

Postpartum depression may begin within weeks or months after delivery.

SAD is a form of depression tied to changes in seasons, most often beginning in fall or winter when daylight decreases.

Signs may include:

• Increased sleep and daytime fatigue

• Cravings for carbs and weight gain

• Difficulty waking in the morning

• Loss of interest or motivation

• Mood improvement as seasons change

Light therapy, structured routines, and therapy are often helpful.

While Bipolar Disorder is categorized separately from depressive disorders in the DSM-5, many individuals experience depressive episodes that closely resemble Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and require tailored care.

Bipolar Disorder involves cycles of:

• Depression (low mood, fatigue, hopelessness)

• Mania (elevated or irritable mood, impulsivity)

• Or Hypomania (a milder form of mania)

These mood shifts can disrupt work, relationships, sleep, and daily life.

Depressive episodes may include:

• Low energy or motivation

• Feelings of guilt, hopelessness, or emptiness

• Changes in sleep and appetite

• Trouble concentrating

• Thoughts of death or suicide

Manic episodes may include:

• Elevated or irritable mood

• Increased energy or restlessness

• Decreased need for sleep

• Racing thoughts or rapid speech

• Impulsive or risky behavior, such as excessive spending or reckless decision-making

Types of Bipolar Disorder:

• Bipolar I: At least one full manic episode (may or may not include depression)

• Bipolar II: At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, but no full mania

• Cyclothymic Disorder: Milder, chronic shifts between depressive and hypomanic symptoms over 2+ years

Treatment often includes:

• Mood stabilizers like lithium

• Antipsychotic or antidepressant medications, depending on the phase

• Therapy to build coping strategies, support relationships, and manage mood fluctuations

If you’re experiencing intense mood changes or feel “stuck” in a depressive cycle, our providers can help you find clarity and support — no matter where you are in the process.

Triggered by a major life change or stressful event — such as divorce, loss, job transition, or relocation — situational depression may feel intense but tends to improve with time and support.

Symptoms can include:

• Emotional overwhelm or tearfulness

• Trouble adapting to change

• Irritability or withdrawal

• Anxiety or loss of interest in daily life

It typically improves with time and support, and therapy can help accelerate recovery and build coping skills.